If you are buying or selling a home in Scotland, the Home Report is one of the most important documents you will deal with — and one of the most misunderstood. After more than 25 years buying, refurbishing and selling property here, I have read thousands of them. Here is what you actually need to know.
What is a Home Report?
A Home Report is a document that the seller must provide before marketing most residential properties for sale in Scotland. It has been a legal requirement since December 2008, and its purpose is simple: to give buyers clear, independent information about a property before they make an offer.
Unlike the rest of the UK, where a buyer typically commissions their own survey after agreeing a price, in Scotland the seller pays for the report up front and makes it available to anyone seriously interested. That single difference shapes a lot of how buying and selling works here.
IN ONE SENTENCE:
A Home Report is a seller-provided pack containing a property's survey, valuation, energy rating and key legal details, given to buyers before they offer.
What's inside a Home Report? The three documents
Every Home Report is made up of three separate parts. Understanding what each one does is the key to reading the whole thing properly.
1. The Single Survey
This is the heart of the report. It is prepared by a chartered surveyor and includes an assessment of the property's condition along with a market valuation. That valuation is the figure your mortgage lender will pay most attention to, so it matters a great deal to both sides of a sale.
The Single Survey also rates the condition of different parts of the property using three categories:
-
Category 1 — no immediate repair or replacement is needed.
-
Category 2 — repairs or further investigation are needed, but they are not urgent.
-
Category 3 — urgent repairs or further investigation are needed. This is the one to look at closely.
2. The Energy Report
This contains the property's Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), which rates how energy efficient the home is and gives an indication of running costs. It also suggests ways the energy efficiency could be improved.
3. The Property Questionnaire
This part is completed by the seller, not the surveyor. It covers practical details a buyer needs to know — council tax band, any alterations or extensions, factoring arrangements, parking, and a history of any issues such as flooding or storm damage. Because the seller fills it in, it is worth reading carefully alongside the survey.
Understanding the Single Survey valuation
The valuation in the Single Survey is the number everyone focuses on, and for good reason. It is an independent professional opinion of what the property is worth on the open market on the date of inspection.
Here is the part that confuses people: in Scotland, most properties are marketed at "Offers Over" a certain figure, and the selling price is very often higher than both the asking price and the Home Report valuation. The valuation is not a ceiling on what a property will sell for — it is a benchmark. What it does control is mortgage lending, because your lender will usually lend against the Home Report valuation rather than the price you actually agree to pay.
The valuation does not tell you what a property will sell for. It tells you what a lender will lend against. Those are two very different numbers, and the gap between them is where a lot of buyers come unstuck.
What a Home Report means if you're buying
If you are buying, the Home Report is the best free piece of research you will get. You can request a copy directly from the seller or the selling agent at no cost, and you should always read it in full before offering — not just glance at the valuation.
Three things I always tell buyers to check:
-
The valuation versus your budget. If the property is likely to sell well over the Home Report value, you need to know whether you can cover the difference between the valuation and the price, because your mortgage will be based on the lower figure.
-
Any Category 3 repairs. These are not always deal-breakers, but they need explaining. A documented, understood issue is very different from an unexplained one.
-
The Property Questionnaire. Factoring costs, alterations without the right consents, and past issues all live here and are easy to skip over.
What a Home Report means if you're selling
If you are selling on the open market, you need a Home Report in place before the property goes live. You arrange it through a chartered surveyor or solicitor, and you pay for it up front. The cost varies depending on the size and value of the property.
The most common worry I hear from sellers is what happens if a buyer's lender down-values the property — that is, the valuation comes in lower than the price agreed. When that happens, the buyer may have to find a larger deposit, renegotiate, or in some cases the sale falls through. It is one of the quiet reasons Scottish sales sometimes stall, and it is worth being realistic about your valuation from the start.
A sensible asking price backed by a fair valuation sells faster than an ambitious one that invites offers a lender will not support.
Common Home Report questions
These are the questions I am asked most often, with straight answers.
How long is a Home Report valid?
There is no strict legal expiry date, but most are treated as current for around twelve weeks. If a report is older than about three months, a buyer's mortgage lender will often ask for a refreshed valuation before lending.
Can you sell without a Home Report?
Most open-market residential sales require one, but there are exceptions — new-build homes, certain right-to-buy sales, and some portfolio or off-market transactions. A direct sale to a cash buyer can also proceed without one, which is one reason some sellers in difficult situations choose that route.
What if I disagree with the valuation?
If you are the seller and believe the valuation is too low, you can discuss it with the surveyor who prepared it, and in some cases a review can be requested. It is not something to do lightly, but it is possible where there is a genuine case.
Does a cash buyer need a Home Report?
No. When I buy a property directly, I assess it myself and do not require the seller to provide a Home Report first. For sellers who want to avoid the cost and delay of preparing one, that can be part of the appeal of a direct sale.
A straight word on Home Reports
The Home Report system in Scotland is genuinely good for buyers. It gives you real information up front, for free, before you commit. My honest advice is to use it properly — read all three parts, not just the valuation, and treat the Property Questionnaire with the same attention as the survey.
For sellers, the Home Report is not something to fear. A fair, well-presented report builds trust with buyers and helps a sale go through cleanly. The problems usually come from an unrealistic price, not from the report itself.
If you are weighing up whether to sell on the open market or directly, or you simply want someone to talk a Home Report through with you honestly, that is exactly the kind of question I am happy to answer.
Have a property in Scotland you want a straight answer on?
Whether you are buying, selling, or just trying to make sense of a Home Report, I am happy to talk it through — no pressure and no obligation.